![]() We also address the association of autoimmune diseases with eosinophil-associated disease like asthma and eosinophilic esophagitis.Įosinophils are granulocytes that develop in the bone marrow in response to IL-5, with a minor role for IL-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and IL-33 ( 12– 15). The aim of this review is to synthesize the role of eosinophils in different autoimmune diseases and explore potential unifying effector mechanisms. Eosinophils have been recognized as a part of the inflammatory infiltrate in several organ-specific autoimmune diseases, but their potential role in autoimmune diseases has not been addressed comprehensively. Such roles have been proposed for neutrophils ( 4), natural killer cells ( 5, 6), macrophages ( 7), dendritic cells ( 8, 9), innate lymphoid cells ( 10), and mast cells ( 11). Possible roles for innate immune cells exist not only in the initiation stage of autoimmune diseases but also in the modulation and propagation of inflammation and tissue destruction. Activation of innate immune cells by pathogen-associated molecular patterns and antigen presentation by dendritic cells can result in priming of autoreactive T and B cells and set off an adaptive immune response against self-antigens ( 1– 3). The cells of the innate immune system can contribute to autoimmune diseases. Finally, we summarize key future research needs. The association of eosinophilic diseases with autoimmune diseases is also examined, showing a possible increase in autoimmune diseases in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis, hypereosinophilic syndrome, and non-allergic asthma. These include degranulation of cytotoxic granule proteins, induction of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, release of proteases degrading extracellular matrix, immune modulation through cytokines, antigen presentation, and prothrombotic functions. By examining the role of eosinophils in autoimmune diseases of different organs, we can identify common pathogenic mechanisms. Clinical studies, eosinophil-targeted therapies, and experimental models have contributed to our understanding of the regulation and function of eosinophils in these diseases. In this review, we summarize the function of eosinophils in inflammatory bowel diseases, neuromyelitis optica, bullous pemphigoid, autoimmune myocarditis, primary biliary cirrhosis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and other autoimmune diseases. Growing evidence now reveals a role for eosinophils in autoimmune diseases. Their role in asthma and parasitic infections has long been recognized. Eosinophils are multifunctional granulocytes that contribute to initiation and modulation of inflammation.
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